<title>Unix overview CHAP03</title>




     3

           ()





     㦥 ਫ  ।饩 ,  樮 ⥬ -
  䠩  譨  ன⢠ 鮩 , ⠪ 
᪨,   ᠬ ࠭  ଠ   뢠  ࠭
࠭  ଠ.  ᫨    室   ଠ樨
䠩,  롨ࠥ ଠ  ⨢  ,      ᬮ
ᬠਢ   ଠ,      졮   -
୮ ࠭  䠩 ⥬. ᯮ  ਬ  ணࠬ  copy,
ਢ    㭪 1.3:  ⠥   ࢮ 䠩   
⥬ 뢠    ன 䠩.  ⮬,      
      䠩  ,  ⠪   뢠   
ᯮ⥫   ࠡ  . ਬ, 㯥࡫ 䠩  -
⥬ ᮤন  ᥣ 祣 ଠ  ᢮ ࠭⢥, -
㯭  䠩  ⥬.  뢠 㯥࡫    ⮣, ⮡
    ଠ樨,  頥   䠩 ⥬, -
  ࠭  ᮤন. 宦  ந室  ᮬ,  -
  뢠  ࠧ饭  䠩.  ⥬ 뢠   ,
     ଠ樨 䠩,  頥    
䠩  ⥬,   ᪮४஢ ࠧ饭 䠩.  -
뢠 ⠪ ᯮ⥫ ଠ,   ०     
 ॡ   ࠡ⪨ ᪠ - ᮢ.
         ந ⥭   ।⢥  ᪠  
   饭  䠩 ⥬,  ६ ॠ樨 ⥬  
ந⥫쭮    ⮬ 뫨   -  ᪮ ।
  ᪠.  ⮩ 稭  ࠥ ᢥ    -
饭  ,  ᯥ樠  ७ ଠ樮  -
஢,  㥬  襬 (*)  ࠭ ᮤন  ᪠,  -
 । ⨬ ந 饭.
     㭪 2.1 ,   ୮    ⥪-
    ⥬ ࠢ 䠩    ࠩࠬ  ன
(-뢮  ). । ⥭ ଠ樨  ᪠  ⠥ -
 -   . ᫨  ⮬     ଠ,
 ⠥   ᪠     , ᯮ , 
  楫        室 . -
筮, ଠ, 뢠  ,      ⮣,  ⮡
室 ⠬, ᫨   ⠥  .  ⠪ ࠥ-
  ᢥ      믮 権   , ,
  ଠ ⢨⥫쭮   ᪥   ஬-
 ,   ᪮ .     ᮪  ஢
  ந ।⥫쭮 ᥭ      -
ন    ⥬, ⮡ ᨫ 䥪 ᯮ짮 .  
⮩   ᬠਢ , ᯮ㥬 ஬  ࠡ  -
ࠬ  ᢥ宯⨢ .



-----------------------------------------
(*)   ।⠢ ᮡ ணࠬ ,   ᫥-
       묨 蠬, ᪮騬 ᢥ  .


                                     39

        3.1  

     ६ 樠樨 ⥬  뤥   ᮢ㯭  -
஢,  ॡ   ।  ᨬ  ࠧ  
ந⥫쭮 ⥬.   ⮨   ⥩:  -
,  ன ࠭ ଠ, 뢠  ᪠,    -
,   . ᪮  筮 ᮮ⢥-
⢨      ஢  ᨢ ,  ᫥饬 ⥪
ᯮ ନ ""  뫪   , ⠪     ⠢-
,     ⥩    㤥 ⭮  ⥪.
    ଠ   ᮮ⢥ ଠ樨     ᪮  
᪠   䠩 ⥬,   ᯮ ᮤন , ᬠਢ
騥    .  ।⠢ ᮡ  ᪮-
   ; ᮤন ᪮  ⮡ࠦ  ,  
⮡ࠦ ६, ᪮     ⮣ ,  
ਬ 襭 ⮡ࠧ   㣮 ᪮ .   ᪮  
   ६ ⮡ࠦ  ᪮쪮 ஢. ᫨   
ᮤঠ ଠ    ⮣  ᪮ ,   ᬮ 
।,      ஢ ᮤন ⥪ ଠ, , ,
⨫    ४ ଠ.  ।,  ਬ,  
᪮    ⮡ࠦ     , A  B. ᫨   
᭠砫   A,  ⥬   B, ᪮  㤥  ᮤঠ  
    B,  ᫨  १ 権     .
, ᫨   冷,  ஬   ᮤন ஢
 ,  ⨢, ᪮  㤥 ᮤঠ ४ -
.
      (㭮 3.1) ᮤন  " ன⢠"    
"  ",  । 䠩 ⥬     ଠ-
樥  ᪥  筮  .  ன⢠ -   -
᪨  䠩 ⥬
                       +------------------+
                       |  ன⢠ |
                       +------------------+   㪠⥫ 
                       |        |    
                       +------------------+   +------------->
      㪠⥫      |   ﭨ  |   |
      ।騩  +------------------+   |
       -।    |            ------+---+
     <-------------+   +------------------+
                   |   |            ------+----------------->
                   |   +------------------+   㪠⥫ 
                   +---+------            |   ᫥騩 
                       +------------------+    -।
                       |            ------+---+
                       +------------------+   |
     <-----------------+------            |   |
      㪠⥫      +------------------+   +------------->
      ।騩                         㪠⥫ 
       ᯨ᪥ ᢮                      ᫥騩 
                                               ᯨ᪥ ᢮

                㭮 3.1.  

(.  ࠧ 2.2.1),   䨧᪨  ன⢠ (᪠).  -
 ⠪ ᮤন 㪠⥫     ,  ࠧ  ன
      ࠧ ᪮ ,   ﭨ,  ஬
㬬 ଠ  ⥪饬 ﭨ . ﭨ    ।-
⠢ ᮡ   ᫥ ᫮:
*   ஢ (ନ "஢ (㯥)"  "" ࠢ-

                                     40

  , ⠪ ,    "᢮"  "㯥"),
*  ᮤন ࠢ ଠ,
*   ९ ᮤন    । ⥬,  ७-
   ;  ᫮ ⭮,  "প, 맢 ",
*  ⠥  뢠 ᮤন   ,
*   ᢮ .
       ⠪ ᮤঠ   㪠⥫,  ᯮ㥬
⬠  뤥  ,  ন   
஢ (୮ 㫠),  祬 ஡ 㤥   ᫥饬  ࠧ-
.


        3.2    ( )

      頥  ଠ    ஢, ᯮ  ᪠
஢,      뫮 饭: ᫥ 뤥  
᪮   ᯮ짮 

+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                           㪠⥫ ।     |
|  +-------------------+    +-------+    +-------+    +-------+  |
+->|  ᯨ᪠  |--->|  |--->|  |--->|  |--+
+--| ᢮ ஢ |<---|   1   |<---|   2   |<---|   n   |<-+
|  +-------------------+    +-------+    +-------+    +-------+  |
|                                           㪠⥫       |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
                            

                          ᫥
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                           㪠⥫ ।     |
|  +-------------------+                 +-------+    +-------+  |
+->|  ᯨ᪠  |---------------->|  |--->|  |--+
+--| ᢮ ஢ |<----------------|   2   |<---|   n   |<-+
|  +-------------------+                 +-------+    +-------+  |
|                                           㪠⥫       |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+

           㭮 3.2. ᮪ ᢮ ஢


   㣮    ,    ⢮  ⠫-
 .  ࠢ ᯨ᪮ ᢮ ஢,  室  
ࠡ  㪠 ⬠.  ᯨ᮪ ।⠢ ᮡ 横᪨ -
祭 ஢  㭠ࠢ묨 㪠⥫ﬨ   ଠ묨   
砫         (㭮 3.2).     ᯨ᮪ 
㧪 ⥬. ᫨ 㦥  ᢮ ,  롨ࠥ    
""  ᯨ᪠,   ᫨   ஢  । , 
 ࠭    । ᯨ᪠.   ⮬,     㣮  砥  
㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢. ᫨  頥  ୮
,     墮 ᯨ᪠,   "" ᯨ᪠ (  -
砥  訡),       ।.   㤠 ஢  ᯨ᪠
  㦭 ଠ樥 த      ""  ᯨ᪠
(㭮  3.2). ⥫쭮,  ,  室   ""
ᯨ᪠,  ᫥ ࠧ ᯮ짮 ࠭, 祬 , 室騥 -
  "" ᯨ᪠.
      頥  ᪮ ,  ᭠砫     ᮮ-
饩 樥 ஢ ன⢠  .  ⮣, ⮡ -
ਢ      ஢,  ࣠  ஢ ᮡ ।,

                                     41

஢   ன⢠   .  -।    -
    ஢  横     ᯨ᪠  㭠ࠢ묨
㪠⥫ﬨ,  ண 宦   ᯨ᪠  ᢮  -
஢.  ⢮  ஢   -।   祭 ᥣ ६
㭪樮஢ ⥬,  祬   㡥 .  㦤  -
    㭪樨 ஢, ⮡ ࠧ ।  
-।ﬨ,  㭪 ஢    ᫮,  ⮡  
ࠤ  ந⥫쭮  ⥬.  ⥬  -
⢮ -।  樨 樮 ⥬.

     -।
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
 <----|  0  4 |------| 28 |-----|  4 |-----| 64 |---->
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
 <----|  1  4 |------| 17 |-----|  5 |-----| 97 |---->
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
 <----|  2  4 |------| 98 |-----| 50 |-----| 10 |---->
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
 <----|  3  4 |------|  3 |-----| 35 |-----| 99 |---->
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+

                 㭮 3.3.   -।


     㭪 3.3 ࠦ   -।:   -।
     㭪,  ⨪   ப  -
  ᮮ⢥饩 -।. , ⨪  ᫠  28,  4    64
।⠢    -।  " 0  4". 㭪 
 ࠬ ᮮ⢥ 㪠⥫ ।    -।; 
  ᫥ 㭪 ⮩   㪠⥫   뢠,
   ⢨ ࠧ㬥. ஬ ⮣,  㭪  -
 ⮫쪮 ᢮ ࠬ  㭪 ஢ ஥  ᯮ짮-
 ⮫쪮 ஢ ;   ࠪ⨪ ⠪ ᯮ   -
ன⢠.
        ᥣ 室  -।,     ।
  祭.  㦥 ਫ,   ஢    -
६  ᮤঠ      ⮣  ᪮ ; ⮬ 
᪮   ୮ 㫥     ⮫쪮   -।
  ।⠢   ⮫쪮  ࠧ.   ,   室 
ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢, ᫨   "᢮". ᪮   
  ६    -।   ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢,   
 ᯮᮡ  㦥.  ᬠਢ -।, ᫨   㦭
 । ,  롨ࠥ   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢, ᫨
  㦥   ᢮ .  ᫥饬 ࠧ 㤥 , 
ࠧ  ⢫  । ᪮   ୮  -
,   ⠪   ࠡ⠥  ࠬ  -।   ᯨ᪥ ᢮
஢.  ࠧ :  ᥣ 室   -।,   ᯨ᪥
᢮ ஢  ,    ⢮.




                                     42



        3.3   

       㭪 2.1,  孥 ஢, ᯮ㥬 -
஬  ⥬ ࠢ 䠩, 樨 믮 ⬮  -
ࠢ    襬.  롮થ   孥 ஢ -
 ᪨  ன⢠   ,    ⥫ 
 . ਬ, ᫨      䠩,  
⠭,    䠩 ⥬ 室 䠩     䠩-
 ⥬ ᮤঠ ,  祬 ஡  㧭   4. -
    । ᪮ ,  ஢, -
    ୮ 㫥,  ᫨ , 砥   ᢮  -
.     । ᪮ ,  ஢,
室        ୮ 㫥,  ᫨ , 砥  ⮣ 
᢮ .  뤥 ஢  㫠  ⬠ ⥭   
᪮  ᯮ  getblk (㭮 3.4).

    ᬮਬ  ⮬ ࠧ   堭 ᯮ짮 getblk
 뤥   ᪮ .

    1.   㦨   -।, ᮮ⢥騩   ᢮-
       .
    2.    㦨   -।, ⮬  뤥 -
         ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢.
    3.    㦨   -। ,  뤥 
        ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢ (  砥 2), 㦨    ᯨ᪥
       ,  祭  "  ६ ".   -
             뤥 㣮 .
    4.    㦨   -।,  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ -
       ஢ .
    5.  㦨   -।,     騩 
       .

    㤨  砩  ஡.

    ⢫    ୮ 㫥  樨 ஢ ன⢠
 ,   -।,   ᮤঠ  . ᬠਢ
-।,    ਤন  ᯨ᪠  㪠⥫ﬨ,  (  ࢮ
砥)     ᪮묨 ࠬ ன⢠  .   ஢-
     ⮬ 砥, ᫨  ᢮, 砥  "-
"  ⮣, ⮡ 㣨  (**)  ᬮ   . ⥬
 㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢, ᪮    -
६    室  㪠 ᯨ᪥. ᫨ 㣨 -
       ६,    ,  -
⠭      ,    ᢮.  㭪 3.5 
 砩,     4  -।, 祭  "  0
  4".  㦨  ,  㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢,
  5  28 ᥤﬨ  ᯨ᪥.


----------------------------------------

(**)  ।饩  ,   樨  ந  -
     ⥪ , 믮塞  ० .  ࠧ, ᫮ "-
      " ⭮  ᠬ, ⮦ 믮騬  ०  .
      ᫮  㤥 ᯮ짮  ⮣,  㤥   -
     ⢨  ᪮쪨 ᮢ, ࠡ  ० ;  㤥 -
      "",  ⢨  ᠬ 㤥 ⢮.

                                     43
    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  getblk                                                  |
    | 室 ଠ:    䠩 ⥬           |
    | 室 ଠ:  ,   ᯮ짮  |
    | {   믮 ᫨ (  )                             |
    |    {   ᫨ (  -।)                                 |
    |       {    ᫨ ( )    /* 砩 5 */                  |
    |          {                                                       |
    |            ਮ⠭ ( ᢮ );             |
    |            த;    /* 横  ᫮ த */      |
    |          }                                                       |
    |            ;  /* 砩 1 */                 |
    |          㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢;              |
    |           ;                                          |
    |       }                                                          |
    |        ⨢ 砥    /*    -। */        |
    |       {                                                          |
    |          ᫨ ( ᯨ᪥  ᢮ ஢) /*砩 4*/      |
    |          {                                                       |
    |            ਮ⠭ ( ᢮  );      |
    |            த;    /* 横  ᫮ த */      |
    |          }                                                       |
    |          㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢;              |
    |          ᫨ ( 祭  ⫮ ९)            |
    |                           /* 砩 3 */                         |
    |          {                                                       |
    |            ᨭ஭ ९ ᮤন   ;      |
    |            த;    /* 横  ᫮ த */      |
    |          }                                                       |
    |          /* 砩 2 --  ᢮  */               |
    |          㤠   ன -।;                    |
    |              -।;                     |
    |           ;                                          |
    |       }                                                          |
    |    }                                                             |
    | }                                                                |
    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
               㭮 3.4.  뤥 

        -।
         +-----------------+     +-----------------+
         |                 |     |+----+     +----+|    +----+
         |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++   ++  4 ++    | 64 |
         +-----------------+      +----+|   +------+    +----+
         |                 |      +----+|    +----+|    +----+
         |  1  4 |----  | 17 ||   ++  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
         |                 |      +----+|   |+----+  +-++----+|
         +-----------------+            +---|--------+ +------+
         |                 |      +----+    |+----+    |+----+
         |  2  4 |----  | 98 |+---+| 50 |    ++ 10 ++
         +-----------------+      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
         |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
         |  3  4 |----+>|  3 ++    | 35 |     | 99 ||
         +-----------------+    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
         +-----------------+    |                             |
         | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
         |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
         +-----------------+

                ()   4  ࢮ -।

                                     44



        -।
         +-----------------+            +--------------+
         |                 |      +----+|    +----+    |+----+
         |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++    |  4 |    || 64 |
         |                 |     |+----+     +----+    |+----+
         +-----------------+     +-----------------+   |
         |                 |      +----+     +----+|   |+----+
         |  1  4 |----  | 17 |    ++  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
         |                 |      +----+    |+----+     +----+|
         +-----------------+                |          +------+
         |                 |      +----+    |+----+    |+----+
         |  2  4 |----  | 98 |+---+| 50 |    ++ 10 ++
         |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
         +-----------------+            |                     |
         |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
         |  3  4 |----+>|  3 ++    | 35 |     | 99 ||
         |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
         +-----------------+    |                             |
         +-----------------+    |                             |
         | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
         |                 |                                  |
         |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
         +-----------------+

           ()   4  ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢

      㭮 3.5.   - 砩 1:   -।

    +------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  brelse                                            |
    | 室 ଠ:   ஢                 |
    | 室 ଠ:                            |
    | {                                                          |
    |     믮  ᮢ  㯫   |
    |     ᮡ, 易  ᢮  ;     |
    |     믮  ᮢ  㯫   |
    |     ᮡ, 易  ᢮  ;    |
    |     ਮ 뢠  ⠪, ⮡      |
    |     ஢  뢠;                          |
    |    ᫨ (ᮤন  ୮    )        |
    |         ⠢    ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢   |
    |     ⨢ 砥                                      |
    |         ⠢   砫 ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢  |
    |     ਮ 뢠   ⥬, ⮡   |
    |      ࠧ 뢠;                            |
    |    ࠧ஢ ();                                 |
    | }                                                          |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+

             㭮 3.6.  ᢮ 


    । ⥬,  ३  ⠫ , ᬮਬ,  ந 
஬ ᫥ ⮣,   㤥 뤥 .  ⥬  ᬮ  
   ᪠    ࠡ뢠    ९뢠   
    .  ⠢    ""; 㣨  -

                                     45

           ᮤন,   ,
⠪ ࠧ ন 楫⭮ ଠ樨  .   -
稢 ࠡ  ஬,  ᢮   ᮮ⢥⢨   -
  brelse  (㭮 3.6).  믮  ᮢ, 
뫨 ਮ⠭ - ⮣,    ,   ⠪    ,
  뫨  ਮ⠭  -  ⮣,  ᯨ᮪ ᢮ ஢ 
.   ⮬, ⠪   㣮 砥, ᢮   砥,  
  ⠭  㯭   ਮ⠭ ᮢ ᬮ  ,
  , 稢訩 , ஢   ⨫ ⥬  ᠬ
祭   㣨 ᠬ (. ࠧ 2.2.2.4).  頥 -
   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢, ᫨ ⮫쪮 ।  ⨬    ந諠
訡 -뢮  ᫨   祭  "" - , 
㤥  ᭥  ;  ⠫   頥  砫 ᯨ᪠.
  ᢮  ᯮ짮  ᮬ.
     믮  brelse  砥,      
㦥,   ⠪  ࠡ⪥ 뢠  ᪠  ᢮ ஢,
ᯮ㥬  ᨭ஭ -뢮  ᪠        (.  ࠧ
3.4).  蠥 ਮ 뢠 ࠡ  ⠪, ⮡ -
   뢠  ᪠  ६ ࠡ  ᯨ᪮ ᢮-
  ஢,  ।० ᪠ 㪠⥫   १ -
 믮 ⬠ brelse. 宦  ᫥⢨    ந,
᫨ ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠   brelse  ६ 믮-
 ᮬ ⬠ getblk, ⮬  蠥 ਮ 뢠
ࠡ      ⥣᪨  믮 ⬠ getblk.
 ஡  砨  ࠧ६   ࠦ.
     믮 ⬠ getblk   砩 2,     -
ਢ  -।,  ன    室 ,   -
  ⠬.          㣮 -।,  -
    "஢" 

 -।
  +-----------------+     +-----------------+
  |                 |     |+----+     +----+|    +----+
  |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++   ++  4 ++    | 64 |
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+     +----+
  +-----------------+            |   +------+
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+|    +----+
  |  1  4 |----  | 17 ||   ++  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+  +-++----+|
  +-----------------+            +---|--------+ +------+
  |                 |      +----+    |+----+    |+----+
  |  2  4 |----  | 98 |+---+| 50 |    ++ 10 ++
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+            |                     |
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  |  3  4 |----+>|  3 ++    | 35 |     | 99 ||
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
  |                 |                                  |
  |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
  +-----------------+

             ()   18 -   





                                     46
 -।
  +-----------------+     +-----------------+
  |                 |     |+----+     +----+|    +----+
  |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++   ++  4 ++    | 64 |
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+     +----+
  +-----------------+            |   +------+
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+|    +----+
  |  1  4 |----  | 17 || +->|  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
  |                 |      +----+| |  +----+  +-++----+|
  +-----------------+            +-|----------+ +------+
  |                 |      +----+  |  +----+    |+----+     +----+
  |  2  4 |----  | 98 |  |  | 50 |    ++ 10 ++    | 18 |
  |                 |      +----+  |  +----+     +----+|    +----+
  +-----------------+              |                   |
  |                 |              |  +----+     +----+|
  |  3  4 |----          |  | 35 |     | 99 ||
  +-----------------+              |  +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+              |                   |
  | ᯨ᪠ +--------------+                   |
  |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
  +-----------------+

()  ࢮ   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢, 祭  18

            㭮 3.7. ன 砩 뤥 

㣮  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,    ୮ . ⮬  㤠
   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢;    㦥 뤥 㣮
᪮   ⠪ 室  -।. ᫨    祭  
⫮  ९,  砥  , 㤠   --
,   室, 砥     ன⢠   -
, ᮮ⢥騥  ᪮ ,  頥   -।.
  ᯮ ,  ९ᠢ ଠ,   ० ࠭
 㣮 ᪮ .  ,  㤥 ᪠ ०  -
  ,  㦨   㫥     筮 ⠪  -
    ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢.   稢 ࠡ 
஬,  ᢮  襮ᠭ ᯮᮡ.  㭪 3.7,  -
ਬ,       18,   室   -।, 祭 
" 2  4". ⮬  㤠    ᯨ᪠ ᢮ -
஢ ( 3), 砥   18    頥      ᮮ⢥
-।.
    ᫨    믮 ⬠ getblk   砩 3,  ⠪ 
 뤥   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢. ,  㦨,
 㤠塞  ᯨ᪠   祭  ⫮  ९,  ⮬
० 祬 ᯮ짮    ९  ᮤন  .
  㯠  ᨭ஭     ⠥ 뤥 㣮 -
  ᯨ᪠.  ᨭ஭  稢,  ᢮  -
   頥   砫 ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢.  ᠬ த
  ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢  砫 ᯨ᪠.  ᫨  ᫥  ᨭ஭
९         ᯨ᪠,  稫
 " 㫨"  ᥬ ᯨ ᢮ ஢, १ ⠪ -
饭 ⨢ ⢨ ⬠ ᪠ ஢,   
  뫮 饭. ਬ, ᫨   㭪  3.8,    
ᬮ  㦨    18,   ⠫ 뤥   
( ।)  ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢,  ,     祭
 ⫮ ९.  㤠   ᯨ᪠, ⨫ 樨 -
        ᮮ⢥騥 ,  뤥 ⨩   ᯨ᪠,
 4.   ᢮  祭   "  ன⢠"
 " "  稫 , 稢訩  " 18",   --
।.

                                     47

      ⢥⮬ 砥 (㭮 3.9) , ࠡ  ᮬ A,  ᬮ
 ᪮   ᮮ⢥饩 -।  ।ਭ﫮   -
    ᯨ᪠  ᢮ ஢  ,   砥 2. , 
ᯨ᪥     , ⮬   A  ਮ⠭  
  ,  㣨 ᮬ  㤥 믮  brelse, ᢮-
騩 .  믮  A,  㦤 ᭮  ᬠ-
ਢ  -।   ᪠ .    ﭨ  뤥
  ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢, ⠪   ,   ᢮-
      ࠧ ᪮쪮 ᮢ     㤥 뤥
 ᢮訩 ,   㦥 楫  A.   -
,  ᪠  ᭮ ࠭,  ⮫쪮   砥
ᮤন ᪮ .  㭪 3.10  ७  
ᠬ  ᢮訩 .
    ᫥  砩 (㭮 3.11)  ᫮, ᪮  易 
ᮬ ⭮襭  ᪮쪨  ᠬ.  ।,  
,  ࠡ   ᮬ A,   ᪮   뤥 ,
 ਮ⠭ 믮  । ᢮  .  -
, ᫨  A -
⠥   ᪮   뤥 ,   砥 2,   -
⠭   襭 ।   ᪠. ।,  
    A ਮ⠭,  ⨢ ன , B, 
⠥   ᪮ , 祩   ⮫쪮  ஢
ᮬ A.  B (砩 5) 㦨  墠祭   --
।.   ᯮ짮 墠祭   ࠧ蠥 ,  ஬  ⮣,
 뤥    ⮣  ᪮  ன ,  B
砥   "襭"  ⥬ ਮ⠭  ⮣ ,
  A ᢮  .
       殢  A ᢮   砥,   襭.
  A "㤨"  ,  ਮ⠭    ᮡ  "
⠭  ᢮",    B.      
믮  B,  B  㤥 㡥  ⮬,   ᢮-

 -।
  +-----------------+     +-----------------+
  |                 |     |+----+     +----+|    +----+
  |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++   ++  4 ++    | 64 |
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+     +----+
  +-----------------+            |   +------+
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+|    +----+
  |  1  4 |----  | 17 ||  +-+  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
  |                 |      +----+|  | +----+  +-++----+|
  +-----------------+            +--|窠-+ +------+
  |                 |      +----+   | +----+    |+----+
  |  2  4 |----  | 98 |+--+ | 50 |    ++ 10 ++
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+            |                     |
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  |  3  4 |----+>|  3 ++    | 35 |     | 99 ||
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+    |窠                     |
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
  |                 |                                  |
  |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
  +-----------------+

    ()  ᪥  18  ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢ 㦥
          祭 


                                     48

 -।
  +-----------------+
  |                 |      +----+                +----+
  |  0  4 |----+>| 28 +------------+   | 64 |
  |                 |    | +----+            |   +----+
  +-----------------+    |                   |
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+ |   +----+
  |  1  4 |----| | 17 |     |  5 | +-->| 97 ++
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+    |                +------+
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+    |+----+     +----+
  |  2  4 |----| | 98 |     | 50 |    ++ 10 ++    | 18 |
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|    +----+
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  |  3  4 |----| |  3 |     | 35 |     | 99 ||
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+    |                       |
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
  |                 |                                  |
  |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
  +-----------------+

    () ९  3  5, ७祭  4   18

            㭮 3.8. ⨩ 砩 뤥 


     -।
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      |  0  4 |----  | 28 |     |  4 |     | 64 |
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      |  1  4 |----  | 17 |     |  5 |     | 97 |
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      |  2  4 |----  | 98 |     | 50 |     | 10 |
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      |  3  4 |----  |  3 |     | 35 |     | 99 |
      |                 |      +----+     +----+     +----+
      +-----------------+
      +-----------------+
      | ᯨ᪠ +---------+
      |                 |         |
      |᢮ ஢|<--------+
      +-----------------+

            18, ᯨ᮪ ᢮ ஢ 

          㭮 3.9. ⢥ 砩 뤥 


. ,  ⨩ , C,  ᢮ ⮣  , 

                                     49

 ஢ ⨢  C ࠭ B;  ⮬   C  
ਮ⠭    ⠢  ஢. ⥫쭮,  B
 ஢ ,   ⢨⥫쭮 ᢮.
     B ⠪  㡥  ⮬,    ᮤন ࢮ-
砫쭮 ॡ ᪮ , ᪮  C  뤥  
 㣮 ,   砥 2.  믮  B  -
,    ᢮    ⥬ ᮤন, ⮬ -
  B ਤ   ᪠ . ᫨   ந  -
⮬᪮ 뤥   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢,   
   ⮣,  - 㣮   㦥  뤥  
  .

                   A                 B
    +-------------------------------------------------------------
    |           b              -
    |            -।                  -
    |                                          -
    |       ᮪ ᢮ -             -
    |              ஢                     -
    |                                          -
    |        ਮ⠭              -
    |                 -                   b
    |                 -                    -।
    |                 -
    |                 -               ᮪ ᢮ -
    |                 -                      ஢ 
    |                 -
    |                 -                ਮ⠭
    |                 -                         -
    |  +------------------------------------------------------+
    |  |   ᢮ :  brelse |
    |  +------------------------------------------------------+
    |                 -                 롨ࠥ  
    |                 -              ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢
    |                 -
    |                 -                砥  
    |                 -                       b
    |                 -
    v
    ६

           㭮 3.10. 易  ᢮ 


      殢,  B   ,  室 ࠢ -
    ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢,   砥 2.   -
, ⢫   99  (㭮  3.11),  㦨      
-।,      .  ਮ⠭  -
 ᢮ , ᫥ 祣  ᪠    ᠬ -
砫.  㭪 3.12  ᮤন ⮣ .
     뤥    ;     "-
믠" ᥣ  ࠭    㦭 뤥 .  ࠭
⠪  ,  ஬  , 騥 뤥 , -
 ᢮ 믮,  ⮬,   ।   -
 ࠡ⪨ 饭  樮 ⥬  ᢮  । -
⮬ ࠢ ᠬ (***).  ०   ।-

----------------------------------------
(***) ᪫祭  ⥬  mount,  -

                                     50

      뢠    ,   㤥 ᯮ 
      umount.   ᪫祭   ⢥, ᪮
      饥 ⢮ ஢   ॢ蠥 ᫮  ⨢
      ஢ 䠩 ⥬.

 -।
  +-----------------+     +-----------------+
  |                 |     |+----+     +----+|    +----+
  |  0  4 |---- ++ 28 ++   ++  4 ++    | 64 |
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+     +----+
  +-----------------+            |   +------+
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+|    +----+
  |  1  4 |----  | 17 ||   ++  5 ++   ++ 97 ++
  |                 |      +----+|   |+----+  +-++----+|
  +-----------------+            +---|--------+ +------+
  |                 |      +----+    |+----+    |+----+
  |  2  4 |----  | 98 |+---+| 50 |    ++ 10 ++
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+            |                     |
  |                 |      +----+|    +----+     +----+|
  |  3  4 |----+>|  3 ++    | 35 |     | 99 ||
  |                 |    | +----+     +----+     +----+|
  +-----------------+    |                        |
  +-----------------+    |                             |
  | ᯨ᪠ +----+                             |
  |                 |                                  |
  |᢮ ஢|<---------------------------------+
  +-----------------+

                     99,  

          㭮 3.11.  砩 뤥 


⢥  ஫ 뤥 ஢ ஬ ⥬, ⮬   
७ "墠뢠" .   ஫  ஬ ⮫쪮 ⮣-
,   襭 樨 -뢮  ஬  ᪮. 뫮
㬠 ⠪,  ᫨ ᪮ ᯮ祭,    뢠 ࠡ 業-
ࠫ쭮 ,  ⮣    ᢮ . ᪮  -
  ᫥  ࠡ⮩  ।  ⠪    
 訡, ᮮ  宩 ࠡ ᪠.  ,    ࠭-
஢,    , ਮ⠭   ,   殢
 ᢮ 믮.
     ⠪ ।⠢ ᥡ ,   "ᠥ"  -
 祭 㯠  .  ⢥⮬ 砥, ਬ, ᫨ ᪮쪮
ᮢ ਮ⠭,  ᢮ ,   ࠭-
,        ⮩ ।,  ன   -
ᨫ .   ਮ⠭   ᢮ 믮, -
    ⠭ ᢮, ⮫쪮  ⮣, ⮡ ਮ⠭  
- ⮣,  㣮  稫 ࠢ  ஬ . -
᪨, ⠪  த 筮,  ࠪ᪨ ⠪ ஡  -
  裡  ⥬,   ⥬ 筮  讥  ⢮  -
஢.

        3.4     

    ,   뤥 ஢  㦥 ᬮ७, 㤥 -
   楤 ⥭   ᪮ . ⮡  ᪮


                                     51

                 A         B         C
    +-------------------------------------------------------------
    |      뤥  b      -                -
    |                                -                -
    |        ஢       -                -
    |                                -                -
    |         -뢮        -                -
    |                                -                -
    |        ਮ⠭         -                -
    |     襭 -뢮    -                -
    |               -                -                -
    |               -             b         -
    |               -            -।         -
    |               -                                 -
    |               -          ஢,     -
    |               -            ਮ⠭         -
    |               -                -                -
    |               -                -          ਮ⠭
    |               -                -       ᢮
    |               -                -           
    |               -                -            (砩 4)
    | +---------------------------+  -                -
    | |    -뢮 祭,   |  -                -
    | | 믮  |  -                -
    | +---------------------------+  -                -
    |    brelse():     -                -
    |        㣨          -                -
    |               -                -          砥 ,
    |               -                -           ࢮ砫쭮
    |               -                -            祭
    |               -                -               b
    |               -                -
    |               -                -           ७祭
    |               -                -             b'
    |               -          ᮤন        -
    |               -              b              -
    |               -                                 -
    |               -         稭         -
    |               -             ᭮               -
    | ६
    v

           㭮 3.12. 易  ᢮ 



 (㭮 3.13),  ᯮ  getblk  ᪠    
୮  .  ᫨  ⠬,       䨧-
᪮ 뢠   ᪠. ᫨    ,   ਪ-
뢠 ᪮ "஢"   ⥭  ਮ⠭ ࠡ,
  襭  -뢮.  ᪮ 頥 ஫ ᪠  ⮬,
  ᮡࠥ  ଠ,  ஫ ⮣ । ଠ
 . , ᪮
஫ 뢠 ࠡ , ᮮ   襭  樨  -
-뢮,  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠  ᪠  믮
ਮ⠭  ;  ⥯  ᮤন ᪮  室 
. 㫨, ᨢ訥 ଠ  ,  ;  -
  㦥  ॡ,  ᢮   ⮣, ⮡ 㣨 


                                     52

    +------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  bread      /* ⥭  */                     |
    | 室 ଠ:     䠩 ⥬        |
    | 室 ଠ: , ᮤঠ騩               |
    | {                                                          |
    |         ( getblk);            |
    |     ᫨ (   ࠢ)                      |
    |           ;                                 |
    |     㯨  ⥭  ᪠;                           |
    |     ਮ⠭ ( 襭 樨 ⥭);       |
    |      ();                                    |
    | }                                                          |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+

           㭮 3.13.  ⥭ ᪮ 


稫   .
      5 㤥 ,  㫨  ᮪  ஢  (⠪  
⥬  ࠢ  䠩)  ।⢮ ॡ  ஬
᪮ ,   ⠥ ଠ    䠩  ᫥⥫쭮.
  㫨  ନ   ᨭ஭ 믮 ன 樨 -
-뢮,   ,  ଠ 㦥 㤥    ,    
  室   ,  ⥬ ᠬ  த⢨ ⥬.
 ⮣  믮  ⥭   த breada  (-
  3.14).   ஢, 室     ,  ᫨  ⠬
, ਪ뢠 ᪮   . ᫨  ୮   -
    ன  ,    ᪮  ᨭ஭  .
⥬  ਮ⠭,   襭  樨  -뢮
    .  믮  ,  頥
 ࢮ    頥   ,    
-뢮    ண  . ᫥ 襭 ⮩ 樨 ஫
᪠ 뢠 ࠡ ⥬; ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠 㧭  ⮬,
 -뢮 믮 ᨭ஭,  ᢮  ( brelse).
᫨    ᢮ ,  ⠫  ஢    ⮩
稭  㯭     ᮢ.  ࠭ ࠧ஢
, ⠪   -뢮, 易  ஬, ⨢ , ᫥-
⥫쭮, ᮤন    ⭮. , ᫨    
 ன ,  㦨   ୮ , ᪮  ⮬ -
  -뢮 . ᫨ ,  砫 믮 -
  breada,    㦨  ୮ ,    ஢,
室 ⠬   ன ,  த ࠡ  ⮫쪮   ᠭ
奬.
       ᮤন   ᪮  (㭮 3.15) 宦
  ⥭.  ନ ᪮  ⮬,   ,  ᮤ-
 ண   뢥,  ᪮   --
  . ᫨  ந ᨭ஭, 뢠騩  ਮ-
,  
襭  ᢮     ᢮ 믮. ᫨
 ந ᨭ஭,  ᪠     ,  
   襭.  ᢮ ,   -뢮.
      樨,   㤥   ᫥  ,
    뢠    . ᫨  "⪫뢠-
",  ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ 砥 , ᢮    -
  brelse,  த ࠡ  ஢ -뢮.  -
뢠    । ⥬,  㣮  ᬮ ७ 
㣮 ,    ⬥ getblk (砩 3).   ⥬,  
  ,   砥   ⮣,   㤥 ९-


                                     53

    +------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  breada    /* ⥭   த */       |
    | 室 ଠ: (1)  䠩 ⥬    |
    |                          뢠            |
    |                     (2)  䠩 ⥬    |
    |                         ᨭ஭ 뢠            |
    | 室 ଠ:   묨, ⠭묨 |
    | {                                                          |
    |      ᫨ (    )                 |
    |      {                                                     |
    |            ࢮ  ( getblk);|
    |         ᫨ (   )                    |
    |               㯨  ⥭  ᪠;                 |
    |      }                                                     |
    |      ᫨ (ன    )                 |
    |      {                                                     |
    |            ண  ( getblk);|
    |         ᫨ (   )                      |
    |               ᢮  ( brelse);          |
    |          ⨢ 砥                                 |
    |               㯨  ⥭  ᪠;                 |
    |      }                                                     |
    |      ᫨ (  ࢮ砫쭮 室  )     |
    |      {                                                     |
    |            ( bread);              |
    |          ;                                  |
    |      }                                                     |
    |      ਮ⠭ ( ⮣ ,     |
    |       㤥 ᮤঠ  );                      |
    |       ;                                     |
    | }                                                          |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+

        㭮 3.14.  ⥭   த


ᠭ   ; ᫨   ᫥⢨  ᮤন , 
ந ⥫   ࠭   ᪥.
    ⫮  ⫨砥  ᨭ஭ . 믮 ᨭ஭

    +------------------------------------------------------------+
    |  bwrite      /*   */                    |
    | 室 ଠ:                                   |
    | 室 ଠ:                            |
    | {                                                          |
    |     㯨    ;                           |
    |     ᫨ (-뢮 ᨭ஭)                           |
    |     {                                                      |
    |           ਮ⠭ ( 襭 -뢮);    |
    |           ᢮  ( brelse);              |
    |     }                                                      |
    |      ⨢ 砥 ᫨ ( 祭  ⫮  |
    |      )                                               |
    |              ᫥饣 ࠧ饭      |
    |            "" ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢;              |
    | }                                                          |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+

           㭮 3.15.   ᪮ 

                                     54



,  ᪠ ᪮  ,     -
襭.  ᠥ ⫮ ,   ⤠    䨧᪮
९      ᪮쪮 ; ⥬   getblk (砩 3)
 砥 
 ""  뢠    ᨭ஭.  ᫥  ⮣  ஫
᪠  뢠  ࠡ  ⥬    ᢮  , ᯮ 
brelse;  頥  "" ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢,  ᪮  
  "".    믮 ᨭ஭ -
権  -뢮 - ⥭   த  ⫮  - 
 ᪠ ணࠬ brelse  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠. -
⥫쭮,  㦤 ९⢮  뢠   믮-
    楤,  ࠡ饩    ᯨ᪮ ᢮ ஢, ᪮
brelse 頥    ᯨ᮪.


        3.5     

    ᯮ짮 ୮  ,   ஭,  ᪮쪮  २-
 ,  㣮 ஭,  㤮⢠.
  *  ᯮ짮 ஢   ࠧ  楤 -
      , ᪮   室  稭  -뢮-
    .   ⮣,        ,  
    ,     䠩,   㯥࡫. ਧ
    -뢮  ᪠ 蠥 쭮 ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ, ᪮
     ⠢  ,   -뢮  , -
      䥩   砨.  , 頥  ஥஢-
     ⥬.
  *  ⥬    뢠  ࠭祭  ࠢ ଠ樨
    짮⥫᪨ ᠬ, 믮騬  -뢮,  ᪮  
    ந  ७  ࠢ  ଠ樨.  ࠧ 
    ॠ  ॡ ࠢ ଠ    -뢮  
    ᪠  ।  ࠧ, .. ந  ਬ 塠⭮ 
    塠⭮ ࠢ   .   堭  ਧ樨
    ணࠬ⠬  諮      ᠬ  ࠢ쭮 ࠢ
    .  ⮩ 稭  設  ࠭祭묨 ﬨ    -
    ࠢ  ᮢ  讥 ⢮ 訡 ணࠬ஢
    , ஬ ⮣, ⠭ ஡ ७ ணࠬ  樮 -
     UNIX.  ଠ  짮⥫᪨ ஢  ⥬  -
     ( ⭮),  ⥬ ࠭ 室  ᯥ樠쭮 -
    ࠢ  짮⥫᪨  ஢,   짮⥫᪨ ணࠬ
     묨  묨.
  *  ᯮ짮 ୮ , ᮪頥 ꥬ ᪮ -
    䨪  ६ ॠ樨  蠥  ந⥫쭮 ⥬. -
    , 뢠騥   䠩 ⥬,  㦨 ଠ-
    樮       ਤ ਡ  -뢮  ᪠.
      ਬ "⫮ ", ⮡  譨  -
       , ⠢   ୮      
     . 祢,  蠭  ⠪    ⥬   訬
    ⢮ ஢.   , ᫮ ஢,   
      ⥬,  ࠭稢 ꥬ , 㯭 믮騬 -
    ᠬ: ᫨   ⢮ ᫨誮  ,    ⥬
    㤥  ࠡ   裡  ⥬,   ਤ  -
    窮  饭 믮 ᮢ.
  *  ਧ樨  ন 楫⭮ 䠩  -
    ,  ⠪      ࠭ 騩, ࢮ砫  ⢥ ࠧ
    ᪮ , ᮤঠ  . ᫨   ६ -
         ⮬  ᪮ ,   -

                                     55

    ਧ樨  (ਬ, getblk) ࠫ  ८ࠧ  ᫥-
    ⥫, । ࠧ襭 .
  * 饭 ᪮ 䨪   २⢮  窨  -
      ᯥ祭 襩 ந⥫쭮  ன ॠ樨 ⥬,
     ⥣ ஢ ⠪   㤮⢠.    
      砥 ⫮   ९뢠    -
    , ⠪ ⥬ 梨  ᡮ,  ⠢ ᪮  
    ४⭮  .     ᫥  ⥬  ᮪饭 ,
    ᨬ ᪨ ᡮﬨ, ᭮ ஡ ⠥:  짮-
    ⥫,  訢騩  믮  樨 ,   , 
        ᢮    (****).
  * ᯮ짮 ୮  ॡ ⥫쭮 ஢  -
    樨    뢠   짮⥫᪨ ᠬ. ,
    뢠騩 , ।           ;
    ,  뢠騩 , 砥   , ஥ ⠥ 
     ᪠.  । 讣 ⢠  ⥫쭮  -
      ⥫  ࠧ  ࠦ  ந⥫쭮 ⥬,
      ।  ꥬ  ந⥫쭮  -
    ,  ᪮  ਧ  (ᯮ  getblk  -
     )   ,   ।⠢ 䥪⨢  窨
    ७  ६ ࠡ  ᪮.


        3.6 

       뫠 ᬮ७   ୮      ࠧ
ᯮᮡ,  묨  ࠧ頥   .  ⬠ ਧ樨 -
 ᪮쪮  ,   㬬 ᯥ稢  ࠡ  -
  ஢.  ࠡ    ୮   ᯮ -
  ஢,      뫮 饭, ।-
,  
,    뫮 饭, ⭮, ᪮   ᭮.
।,    ன    ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢, ᮮ-
 ।  ।饣 ᯮ짮. ⠫  -
㦨 ஢, ⨯ " 襫 -  襫"  饭 । -
㥬,    ᫮묨  ॠ樨,  ᭨  業
   . ᯮ짮 㭪樨 ஢  -।  
 ᪮   ,  ᯮ짮  㭠ࠢ
㪠⥫  ᯨ᪠ 砥 ᪫祭 ஢.
        㦭     ᪮ ன⢠ 
 .  getblk ᬠਢ    ᪠   ,
᫨      ᢮,    頥 . ᫨
 ஢, ⨢訩     ਮ⠭    
,    ᢮. 堭 ஢ ࠭,  ⮫-
      ६ ࠡ⠥  ஬. ᫨   
,    砥   ᢮ ,   頥
.  bread 뤥     室 ⠥ 㤠 -
ଠ.  bwrite  ଠ    ।⥫쭮  뤥
. ᫨  믮 㪠 ⬮   㢨 室
   ஢   ,     "⫮
", ⮡  譥 -뢮.  ᮦ, 楤  -


---------------------------------------
(****) ⠭  権 -뢮    ணࠬ    몥  
       砥  fflush.  㭪  稢 
        ஢  짮⥫᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢥  ࠡ 
       .     짮⥫  ⭮,    -
         .

                                     56

뢠   ᮯ஢ ⥬,     㢥७,  
  䨧᪨   . ᫨    뢠    
 ᨭ஭,  砥 ࠩ ᪠ ।  䠩 ⥬ 
 뢠, ᮮ饣  砭 -뢮.
      ⢮  ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮 ஬ ୮ . -
।⢮ ୮   ᯥ稢   묨    ਪ묨
ணࠬ   䠩 ⥬, । ⥫쭮 ⥬ ଠ-
樨, ਬ, ᮢ,  ⬠    䠩  ⥬.  
⠪  ᯮ  ,  ⠥ ணࠬ    믮-
.  ᫥  㤥 ᬮ७ ⢮ ⬮, ᯮ
楤, ᠭ   . 㣨 ,    -
  ࠭ , ⠪ ᯮ ਥ, 宦  ,  ᠭ
 ୮ .


        3.7 

1.  ᬮਬ  㭪  ஢  ਬ⥫쭮  㭪 3.3. 襩
   㭪樥 ஢  ,      ࠧ  ।
       -।ﬨ.      ।  ⢥ -
   쭮 㭪樨 ஢ ?    㭪  ᢮   -
   짮 ᪨  ன⢠ ?
2.   ⬥ getblk, ᫨  㤠   ᯨ᪠ ᢮ ஢,
      ਮ 뢠  ࠡ    ⠪,  ⮡
   ஢ 뢠  ஢ન ᯨ᪠. 祬 ?
*3.  ⬥ getblk    ਮ 뢠 ࠡ -
     ⠪,  ⮡  ஢ 뢠  ஢ન  .
   (    ⥪.) 祬 ?
4.  ⬥ brelse  頥   "" ᯨ᪠ ᢮  -
   ஢, ᫨ ᮤন  ୮. ᫨ ᮤন  ୮, -
        -। ?
5.  ।,   믮 ⫮  .  ந,
    㣮  롥     । ?  ᯨ᪠ ᢮-
    ஢ ?
*6. ᫨ ᪮쪮 ᮢ ᯠਢ ,  ࠭,   
      ਮ⠭ ᥣ,   ࠭,    "-
   ᭥"   祭 .  ।    getblk  ⠪,
   ⮡  뫮  筮 ⮣ ࠭஢ 祭 .
7.  ।  getblk  brelse ⠪, ⮡  ᫥  奬
   饭 ஢,      뫮  饭,    奬
   " 襫 -  襫".    ᠬ  奬 饭
   । ᯮ㥬 ஢.
8.    ⬥ bread,  ଠ   㦥 ୠ.
*9.   ࠧ 樨, 騥  ⬥ breada.  ந-
     砥 ᫥饣 믮 ⬠ bread   breada,  
   ⥪騩    ⠭   த ?  ⬥ breada, ᫨ 
    ன    ,  쭥襬  ஢થ ࠢ쭮-
    ᮤন  ।,      ୮  㫥.
       ?
10.    ,  訢騩  騩  ᢮  
    ୮ 㫠. ࠢ    getblk.
11.  ࠧ ⥬ , ⠪  umount  sync ( 5), -
    , ⮡  ४稢   ᮤন  ஢, 
    祭  "⫮ "   䠩 ⥬.   -
    ,  ॠ騩  ४  ஢.   ந  ।
    ᯮ ஢  ᯨ᪥ ᢮ ஢  १ ⮩ -
    樨 ?    ࠭஢,    㣮   -
        ⪮ "⫮ "   ᬮ ९ 
    ᮤন  䠩 ⥬,    ४窨  ਮ⠭  

                                     57

     襭 樨 -뢮 ?
12.  । ६ ॠ樨 ⥬  । ६ 믮 ⥬
    맮. । ய᪭ ᯮᮡ ⥬  ⢮  -
    ᮢ,  ⥬  믮   ਮ ६. ᭨,
        ᯮᮡ⢮ 襭 ॠ樨 ⥬. ᮡ-
         㢥祭 ய᪭ ᯮᮡ ⥬ ?






















































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